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I'm a Particle Astrophysicist, ask me anything

Author
Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#301 - 2012-03-07 17:17:32 UTC
Jeyson Vicious wrote:
Tsadkiel wrote:
Natasi01 wrote:
What is dark matter?


a good question! i discuss this somewhat in post #218 of this thread. the long story short is that when we measure the motion of galactic and extra galactic objects, our current theories of gravitation fail to accurately predict it. however, if we add additional matter that we have not yet observed, it works "perfectly". there have been many attempts to produce mathematically consistent models that predict this motion without dark matter, but they have, in general, failed. our observations have allowed us to make various constraints on the properties of dark matter, and even produce maps of where it should be in the universe. with this information we have been able to create experiments, like DRIFT, which should be able to detect a dark matter interaction, though no definite evidence of such an interaction has yet to found.


I've always wondered why they don't just think there is a lot matter we don't see. Dim stars, planets, black holes.

Speaking of black holes - do you think it's strange that they aren't anchored in space (meaning if they are at the center of galaxies, and galaxies move)? I was wikipediaing them and saw that they think there may be a thing called an ergosphere which is like a buldge in the direction of rotation. Seems strange that things that defy physics would do normal things like that. Just interesting.


black holes do not violate any laws of physics, so it's perfectly reasonable for them to have spacial qualities like the ergosphere. they are just "super dense" masses. all of their properties follow directly from general relativity =D
Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#302 - 2012-03-07 17:39:11 UTC
Jeyson Vicious wrote:
Ive always wondered: when it comes to space propulsion and carrying fuel - why couldnt you make an engine out of a big spring? It could be coiled and then released sending the ship forward. Then electrical power and hydraulics could wind it back up and spring it again.

It seems like you could do it over and over, easily using potential energy to go faster and faster. Or maybe I don't get the real math / concept of how a spring works. (I don't... :)


this reminds me of some of my favorite "rage" comics, called troll science/physics, which detail all kinds of free energy or perpetual motion machines. they can all be explained away with a proper examination of internal and external forces, thermodynamics, and/or newtons laws!

your question is most easily addressed with newtons third law.

newtons third law tells us that forces acting between bodies always come in action-reaction pairs, which are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. that is, if your coiled spring exerts a force on the ship, then the ship must also be exerting a force on the spring! if the spring were free to be launched out the back of the ship then you are golden; each object would be propelled by an acceleration from the action-reaction forces applied on each. however, if the spring were attached to the ship, the total force acting on the ship would encompass both the force of spring-on-ship AND ship-on-spring. both of these must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and so they cancel each other out.

these types of forces are classified as internal forces. another example of an internal forces are the bonding forces at play in a solid, like a wooden block sitting on a table. these molecules are constantly in motion, if not on the molecular then on the atomic level, yet their motion does not propel the block in any way. this effect is identical to your spring on a ship scenario, except there are may billion springs heheh.
Natasi01
Perkone
Caldari State
#303 - 2012-03-07 18:14:22 UTC
Tsadkiel wrote:


CERN makes many, MANY announcements. do you have a link to the article you are specifically interested in? if so, i would be happy to comment on it =D



I can't find a link about it, but if iir they were trying to "create" dark matter?
and there were comments made that if that was possible it would most probably destroy earth.
Karl Planck
Perkone
Caldari State
#304 - 2012-03-07 18:23:50 UTC
In less than a few posts if possible, what is the underlying differences between the fusion reaction that sustains a star and fusion reaction being attempted in laser induced fusion experiments?

Furthermore, what are the physical limitations that are currently restricting sustained fusion reaction in a controlled environment?

hmmm, had another but its slippin my mind, maybe later.

I has all the eve inactivity

rodyas
Tie Fighters Inc
#305 - 2012-03-08 01:19:58 UTC
Tsadkiel wrote:
Jeyson Vicious wrote:
Ive always wondered: when it comes to space propulsion and carrying fuel - why couldnt you make an engine out of a big spring? It could be coiled and then released sending the ship forward. Then electrical power and hydraulics could wind it back up and spring it again.

It seems like you could do it over and over, easily using potential energy to go faster and faster. Or maybe I don't get the real math / concept of how a spring works. (I don't... :)


this reminds me of some of my favorite "rage" comics, called troll science/physics, which detail all kinds of free energy or perpetual motion machines. they can all be explained away with a proper examination of internal and external forces, thermodynamics, and/or newtons laws!

your question is most easily addressed with newtons third law.

newtons third law tells us that forces acting between bodies always come in action-reaction pairs, which are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. that is, if your coiled spring exerts a force on the ship, then the ship must also be exerting a force on the spring! if the spring were free to be launched out the back of the ship then you are golden; each object would be propelled by an acceleration from the action-reaction forces applied on each. however, if the spring were attached to the ship, the total force acting on the ship would encompass both the force of spring-on-ship AND ship-on-spring. both of these must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and so they cancel each other out.

these types of forces are classified as internal forces. another example of an internal forces are the bonding forces at play in a solid, like a wooden block sitting on a table. these molecules are constantly in motion, if not on the molecular then on the atomic level, yet their motion does not propel the block in any way. this effect is identical to your spring on a ship scenario, except there are may billion springs heheh.


I liked the post. I think the only "spaceship" that works like this is the pogo stick. For those who had no childhood. Only has enough energy to go places that your body has though.

Tsadkiel, do you think newton's 3rd law is the inspiration of EVE ships needing, +1 warp strenght to enter warp? Like the +1 shows there is at least one external force on you and your just not an internal force, so you can enter warp and escape.

Signature removed for inappropriate language - CCP Eterne

Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#306 - 2012-03-08 16:27:52 UTC
rodyas wrote:
Tsadkiel wrote:
Jeyson Vicious wrote:
Ive always wondered: when it comes to space propulsion and carrying fuel - why couldnt you make an engine out of a big spring? It could be coiled and then released sending the ship forward. Then electrical power and hydraulics could wind it back up and spring it again.

It seems like you could do it over and over, easily using potential energy to go faster and faster. Or maybe I don't get the real math / concept of how a spring works. (I don't... :)


this reminds me of some of my favorite "rage" comics, called troll science/physics, which detail all kinds of free energy or perpetual motion machines. they can all be explained away with a proper examination of internal and external forces, thermodynamics, and/or newtons laws!

your question is most easily addressed with newtons third law.

newtons third law tells us that forces acting between bodies always come in action-reaction pairs, which are always equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. that is, if your coiled spring exerts a force on the ship, then the ship must also be exerting a force on the spring! if the spring were free to be launched out the back of the ship then you are golden; each object would be propelled by an acceleration from the action-reaction forces applied on each. however, if the spring were attached to the ship, the total force acting on the ship would encompass both the force of spring-on-ship AND ship-on-spring. both of these must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction, and so they cancel each other out.

these types of forces are classified as internal forces. another example of an internal forces are the bonding forces at play in a solid, like a wooden block sitting on a table. these molecules are constantly in motion, if not on the molecular then on the atomic level, yet their motion does not propel the block in any way. this effect is identical to your spring on a ship scenario, except there are may billion springs heheh.


I liked the post. I think the only "spaceship" that works like this is the pogo stick. For those who had no childhood. Only has enough energy to go places that your body has though.

Tsadkiel, do you think newton's 3rd law is the inspiration of EVE ships needing, +1 warp strenght to enter warp? Like the +1 shows there is at least one external force on you and your just not an internal force, so you can enter warp and escape.


i think warp strength was a purely mechanical addition to the game. it probably didn't arise from anything other than the need to prevent people from going into warp.
Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#307 - 2012-03-08 18:04:11 UTC
Karl Planck wrote:
In less than a few posts if possible, what is the underlying differences between the fusion reaction that sustains a star and fusion reaction being attempted in laser induced fusion experiments?

Furthermore, what are the physical limitations that are currently restricting sustained fusion reaction in a controlled environment?

hmmm, had another but its slippin my mind, maybe later.


the primary differences between the two are the time span in which they occur, and the type of force used to achieve ignition. stellar fusion is a result of Gravitational Confinement, which is to say that gravity is the force that "squeezes" atoms together close enough to fuse (close enough that the attractive nuclear force overcomes the repelling electric force between the protons of the nuclei). Laser initiated fusion is usually of the form known as Inertial Confinement, which is to say that forces that result from motion is what "squeeze" the atoms. Laser based inertial confinement is done by focusing an intense pulse of coherent light evenly over a fuel pellet composed of a catalyst shell encasing a high pressure mixture of deuterium and tritium. the light pulse vaporizes the shell of the pellet, which expands in all directions, including inwards. this increases the pressure of the fuel to the point where it begins to fuse and release energy. inertial confinement has also been achieved using Z-pinch devises and high yield explosives. gravitational confinement is stable over the course of millions of years because gravity is such a week force, and so requires a great deal of fuel to initiate ignition. inertial confinement is stable over the course of only nanoseconds.

stable, long term fusion reactions on earth are primarily achieved through Magnetic Confinement, which initiates fusion by squeezing plasma using strong magnetic fields. the most common device for accomplishing this is known as a TOKAMAK device (the acronym is in Russian), which does the squeezing with incredibly strong toroidal (circular) magnetic fields. this is not an easy task and is similar to trying to squeeze jello with rubber bands... but we can do it! there have been several TOKAMAK devices over the years and none of them have been able to produce more electrical power than what they consume. the primary restriction that causes this is simply a matter of technological efficiency, and the specifics of the structure of the toroidal field. the soon-to-be state of the art of TOKAMAK based magnetic confinement is currently being built in the south of France and it is called ITER. their predictions indicate that their design may be the first to produce useful electrical power (by a few percent).
Ganjjabeard
Black Vanguard Ops
#308 - 2012-03-09 17:59:28 UTC
what is the likely hood that the universe is actually a "multiverse" with many universes existing in other dimensions and planes and are all interconnected by countless "tubes" of wormholes that one can use to travel between said universes?

also, please explain how humans can instaport from one location to another (ie, particles breaking down, being transported to a new location, then being rebuilt again) <--- is the person in this process destroyed and recreated entirely into a copy? or is it the same exact entity of particles reconstructed somewhere else?

GET IN THE VAN

Sumiragi
Viziam
Amarr Empire
#309 - 2012-03-09 18:01:56 UTC
So the other night I needed to grab my keys from my bedroom. It was dark so I switched on the light to find them. Leaving the room, I flipped the switch and left.
My question to you is, when I flipped the switch off where did the light go?
Ganjjabeard
Black Vanguard Ops
#310 - 2012-03-09 21:00:56 UTC
Sumiragi wrote:
So the other night I needed to grab my keys from my bedroom. It was dark so I switched on the light to find them. Leaving the room, I flipped the switch and left.
My question to you is, when I flipped the switch off where did the light go?



its impossible to know where the light went, the only thing that is known for sure is that the light is not present anymore.

GET IN THE VAN

Amaroq Dricaldari
Ministry of War
Amarr Empire
#311 - 2012-03-10 05:49:48 UTC  |  Edited by: Amaroq Dricaldari
Dark Matter is a Quantum Super Position between Matter and Anti-Matter. End of Dark-Matter related discussions.

This is my signature. There are many like it, but this one is mine.

Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#312 - 2012-03-12 16:46:24 UTC
Amaroq Dricaldari wrote:
Dark Matter is a Quantum Super Position between Matter and Anti-Matter. End of Dark-Matter related discussions.


there is no basis or evidence for this conclusion... of any kind...
Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#313 - 2012-03-12 16:53:11 UTC
Sumiragi wrote:
So the other night I needed to grab my keys from my bedroom. It was dark so I switched on the light to find them. Leaving the room, I flipped the switch and left.
My question to you is, when I flipped the switch off where did the light go?


so, you turn on your light, and billions of trillions of photons go screaming away from your light bulb! they bounce off the walls of your room and the objects it contains. as long as the light is on, photons continue to be emitted. a very small percentage of them are absorbed by your eye which you then perceive as sight. the rest bounce around until they are either absorbed by local materials (walls and objects, but also gasses!), or they escape from your room, home, planet, etc... this all happens in less than a blink. as a rule of thumb, light travels at about a foot per nanosecond in a vacuum, so unless your room is astronomically large (in a very literal sense), you will not be able to see any of this with your naked eyes.
Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#314 - 2012-03-12 16:55:02 UTC
Ganjjabeard wrote:
Sumiragi wrote:
So the other night I needed to grab my keys from my bedroom. It was dark so I switched on the light to find them. Leaving the room, I flipped the switch and left.
My question to you is, when I flipped the switch off where did the light go?



its impossible to know where the light went, the only thing that is known for sure is that the light is not present anymore.


this isn't true at all. we can detect light very easily and, with the appropriate equipment, very precisely. the core of my thesis revolves around "figuring out where the light went" heheheh.
Terminal Insanity
KarmaFleet
Goonswarm Federation
#315 - 2012-03-12 17:01:03 UTC  |  Edited by: Terminal Insanity
Tsadkiel wrote:
greetings!

I am currently working on my PhD in Particle Astrophysics and recent events have shown me that i need way, WAY more experience explaining sciencey type stuff to people. SO, i figure, where better to practice then on the forums of a Sci-Fi game =D

ask away!


And you're playing eveonline. This is why you still havent found Higgs Boson. Slacker.

"War declarations are never officially considered griefing and are not a bannable offense, and it has been repeatedly stated by the developers that the possibility for non-consensual PvP is an intended feature." - CCP

Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#316 - 2012-03-12 17:11:40 UTC
Ganjjabeard wrote:
what is the likely hood that the universe is actually a "multiverse" with many universes existing in other dimensions and planes and are all interconnected by countless "tubes" of wormholes that one can use to travel between said universes?

also, please explain how humans can instaport from one location to another (ie, particles breaking down, being transported to a new location, then being rebuilt again) <--- is the person in this process destroyed and recreated entirely into a copy? or is it the same exact entity of particles reconstructed somewhere else?


so focusing on the multiverse bit (making no statement about your "tubes" heheh), i cannot comment on the likelihood of this because there is no direct experimental evidence to support or deny it. the multiverse hypothesis is just that, hypothetical. it does not constitute a true scientific theory because it makes no claims which can be tested with our current knowledge and technology. this does not mean it should be disregarded! we may very well have the scientific understanding necessary to test the multiverse hypothesis one day.

as for transportation, i refer to my favorite fantasy fizicist, Sheldon Cooper. in short, if teleportation were ever possible, it would have some rather spooky consequences (and for some, unsettling) concerning the nature of consciousness. based on our current understanding of quantum mechanics however, this technology is impossible. It would require the measurement of the quantum state of every particle of the object to be measured and the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics tells us that to do so would change the state of the thing we are measuring...
Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#317 - 2012-03-12 17:12:40 UTC
Terminal Insanity wrote:
Tsadkiel wrote:
greetings!

I am currently working on my PhD in Particle Astrophysics and recent events have shown me that i need way, WAY more experience explaining sciencey type stuff to people. SO, i figure, where better to practice then on the forums of a Sci-Fi game =D

ask away!


And you're playing eveonline. This is why you still havent found Higgs Boson. Slacker.


XD it helps keep me from going completely insane heheheh
Terminal Insanity
KarmaFleet
Goonswarm Federation
#318 - 2012-03-12 17:20:31 UTC  |  Edited by: Terminal Insanity
My question is this: in this (real not eve) universe, Everything is theoretically predictable. There is the 'conservation of information' rule and theres the fact one molecule hits another at a certain direction/speed and we can predict what will happen, right?

So if this is just one big giant billiard table, what gives us free will?

From the moment the universe began its existence, these bits and pieces have been bouncing off each other in predictable ways, and wouldn't the same apply to all the bits and pieces that make our bodies and brain? Couldn't i argue that everything we say and do is theoretically predictable?

I'm typing these words and thinking this because a few atoms billions of years ago collided in such a way that caused a giant chain reaction all the way up to this?

Or should we just take "free will" as a fact? Wouldn't that seriously break the current accepted theory of the way the universe functions? Since my thoughts are all made up of electrical signals that should be acting in a predictable way, but arnt?

"War declarations are never officially considered griefing and are not a bannable offense, and it has been repeatedly stated by the developers that the possibility for non-consensual PvP is an intended feature." - CCP

Tsadkiel
Aliastra
Gallente Federation
#319 - 2012-03-12 18:20:24 UTC
Terminal Insanity wrote:
My question is this: in this (real not eve) universe, Everything is theoretically predictable. There is the 'conservation of information' rule and theres the fact one molecule hits another at a certain direction/speed and we can predict what will happen, right?

So if this is just one big giant billiard table, what gives us free will?

From the moment the universe began its existence, these bits and pieces have been bouncing off each other in predictable ways, and wouldn't the same apply to all the bits and pieces that make our bodies and brain? Couldn't i argue that everything we say and do is theoretically predictable?

I'm typing these words and thinking this because a few atoms billions of years ago collided in such a way that caused a giant chain reaction all the way up to this?

Or should we just take "free will" as a fact? Wouldn't that seriously break the current accepted theory of the way the universe functions? Since my thoughts are all made up of electrical signals that should be acting in a predictable way, but arnt?


a very interesting philosophical question, but it all hinges on on statement.

Quote:
Everything is theoretically predictable


this is not true, so far as we understand it. in physics we would say that the universe is non-deterministic, which is a fancy way to say that it is impossible to know the position and momentum of every particle in the universe simultaneously. we have experimental evidence to support this claim in measurements of the consequences to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

now, locally and specifically, yes, science can make very precise predictions (planetary orbits for example). but these measurements always carry some measure of uncertainty; that some object will be at some location at some time to within +- some number of meters or seconds. but even at the most precise level, quantum mechanics outright forbids perfect certainty in measurements of position and velocity. because of this the very core of quantum mechanics is statistical. when we calculate the "position of a particle" what we are calculating is something called an Expectation Value, which is thought of as an average of the results of completely independent and isolated measurements of identical experiments (a million grad students make identical measurements of position on a million identical experiments simultaneously. the expectation value for the position of a particle would be the average of these measurements.)

the statistical, non-deterministic nature of the universe can be directly seen by examining the decay rates of radioactive isotopes. given a single atom of U-238 it is impossible to predict with perfect certainty precisely when it will decay, because even if we could measure the exact position and momentum of every nucleon and electron in that atom at the same time, to do so would fundamentally change its state, and our measurements would no longer be valid. but we CAN produce predictions that tell us the likelihood that it will decay within some amount of time, and if you give me a very large sample of U-238 i can tell you about how many years it will be until some quantity of it decays.
Terminal Insanity
KarmaFleet
Goonswarm Federation
#320 - 2012-03-12 20:10:05 UTC
Tsadkiel wrote:

this is not true, so far as we understand it. in physics we would say that the universe is non-deterministic, which is a fancy way to say that it is impossible to know the position and momentum of every particle in the universe simultaneously. we have experimental evidence to support this claim in measurements of the consequences to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.

now, locally and specifically, yes, science can make very precise predictions (planetary orbits for example). but these measurements always carry some measure of uncertainty; that some object will be at some location at some time to within +- some number of meters or seconds. but even at the most precise level, quantum mechanics outright forbids perfect certainty in measurements of position and velocity. because of this the very core of quantum mechanics is statistical. when we calculate the "position of a particle" what we are calculating is something called an Expectation Value, which is thought of as an average of the results of completely independent and isolated measurements of identical experiments (a million grad students make identical measurements of position on a million identical experiments simultaneously. the expectation value for the position of a particle would be the average of these measurements.)

the statistical, non-deterministic nature of the universe can be directly seen by examining the decay rates of radioactive isotopes. given a single atom of U-238 it is impossible to predict with perfect certainty precisely when it will decay, because even if we could measure the exact position and momentum of every nucleon and electron in that atom at the same time, to do so would fundamentally change its state, and our measurements would no longer be valid. but we CAN produce predictions that tell us the likelihood that it will decay within some amount of time, and if you give me a very large sample of U-238 i can tell you about how many years it will be until some quantity of it decays.


I think this just speaks to our lack of ability to accurately measure/observe things without changing them. I find it hard to believe everything is only 'statistically' there. It might be IMPOSSIBLE for us to ever know the exact position/momentum of every particle... but there is still some fundamental reason these particles are where they are, and even if we'll never know... there IS a cause/effect reason for it, isnt there?

This would be more of a thought experiment then a real science experiment i guess

But lets assume we aren't measuring or observing anything at all. All of these particles are still bumping into each other in a Cause/Effect system... even if we cant currently measure, observe, or understand why or how they do it. There must be some reason a particle appears in one location rather then the other.

If we could look at the universe through the eyes of a God and freely observe without changing anything, wouldn't we see a predictable chain of events, all springing from that initial 'Big Bang'? Wouldn't the initial conditions of that event basically 'set up' the entire chain of cause/effect events from that moment all the way forward through time?

(I think the new popular theory is string theory branes bumping into eachother? =P)

I believe that science as it is requires Causality. And Free Will directly conflicts with Causality. I don't think the two can co-exist.

BTW i'm not religious at all, i consider myself agnostic. This is just something thats been puzzling me for years. I obviously have no scientific training, but i get lost on wikipedia from time to time =P

"War declarations are never officially considered griefing and are not a bannable offense, and it has been repeatedly stated by the developers that the possibility for non-consensual PvP is an intended feature." - CCP