These forums have been archived and are now read-only.

The new forums are live and can be found at https://forums.eveonline.com/

Intergalactic Summit

 
  • Topic is locked indefinitely.
Previous page12
 

Earthologists call on President Roden to secure peace

Author
Lyn Farel
Societas Imperialis Sceptri Coronaeque
Khimi Harar
#21 - 2015-03-06 19:11:27 UTC
Stitcher wrote:


Ancient stargate networks centered on that system, the fact that our biochemistry is demonstrably not native to any known planet in New Eden, the seperate existence of the exact same legend among isolated cultures dozens of lightyears apart?


Could you provide your sources on that ? I did not know... I am interested to learn more about it.
Stitcher
School of Applied Knowledge
Caldari State
#22 - 2015-03-07 15:15:21 UTC  |  Edited by: Stitcher
Quote:
Let's look at what we know: It is now undoubted that a race capable of interstellar travel roamed our space many thousands of years ago.

A number of ancient jump gates, or fractions of jump gates, are known to exist in numerous solar systems. Whether these jump gates were built by our own ancestors or a totally alien race is unknown. These jump gates have some peculiar traits. First of all, age tests have shown that all these jump gates were built within the space of 50 to 100 years. And yet the design of many of the jump gates is a little bit varied between places, like they were constructed by different people. These facts raise many questions: why were they all constructed within this short timespan, and none since? Were they built by the same race, or maybe two or more conflicting races?

The answer most favored is that of war. Only a conflict could explain this quick construction of dozens of jump gates and why everything seemed to come to an abrupt halt one day. But who was fighting? And where are the combatants now? It seems highly unlikely that factions capable of interstellar warfare suddenly disappeared into thin air. (Note: this bit is pure author bias. A huge campaign of rapid colonisation by multiple factions, which came to an abrupt end in the face of disaster would also explain the facts. - V. Hakatain)

By studying the layout of the jump gate remnants, a curious pattern emerges. The jump gates snake out like a spiderweb from a central point. And what is the central point? It is the system known to Amarr, who first found it, as 'Imlau Eman', or the 'Mouth of God', but is today better known as New Eden.


- Alain Topher, YC105

For the genetic, biochemical, mitochondrial and neurological similarities, I direct you to literally thousands of papers in the Zainou Journal of Life Sciences, the Caille University Journal of Bioscience, the Hedion Annual Scientific Summary, and the SOE's scientific journal, "LIFE". [*] you're a capsuleer, you probably spent more on your footwear than the paywalls on those will cost you.

The existence of a widespread mythology of having come from somewhere is the subject of Akara Maroth's excellent book "Beyond The Sky - The shared ancestral legend of New Eden."

[*] - I'm aware that I've not included any Minmatar papers in this list. Matari researchers do have some very valid things to say on the subject, but you have to wade through a sea of research that focuses exclusively on the tribes and genetic heritage of the Minmatar people only which, while fascinating, is not relevant to the topic at hand.

AKA Hambone

Author of The Deathworlders

Lyn Farel
Societas Imperialis Sceptri Coronaeque
Khimi Harar
#23 - 2015-03-07 18:30:04 UTC
Thank you for sharing. I have already read a lot of those, but I am always glad to find new ones.

My apologies if I was not concise enough. I referred mostly to the fact that our biochemistry would not be native to any known planet in New Eden... What makes you say so ?
Claudia Osyn
Non-Hostile Target
Wild Geese.
#24 - 2015-03-08 01:38:17 UTC
Valerie Valate wrote:
Claudia Osyn wrote:
I spontaneously created everything last Tuesday.


Well, you didn't do a good job of it now, did you ? What with that whole Nauplius and Diana Kim thing going on.

I think it added a bit of depth to my creation....

A little trust goes a long way. The less you use, the further you'll go.

Stitcher
School of Applied Knowledge
Caldari State
#25 - 2015-03-08 02:50:33 UTC  |  Edited by: Stitcher
Lyn Farel wrote:
Thank you for sharing. I have already read a lot of those, but I am always glad to find new ones.

My apologies if I was not concise enough. I referred mostly to the fact that our biochemistry would not be native to any known planet in New Eden... What makes you say so ?


Okay, so there's a well-documented "split" in the species extant across known space between species which share certain genetic, biochemical and mitochondrial markers with humanity, and those that don't (the latter being the vastly larger group). Common-origin thinkers - myself included - describe the two sides of this split as "anthropogenic" and "xenogenic" species - life forms which came from the same place that humans did, and the native "alien" life forms, respectively. (Yes, I know we're technically the aliens if we came from elsewhere, but the point is to describe how these things exist in relation to us.)

Slaver Hounds, Fedos, Hanging Long-Limbs, Charisocos, Shiksi and so on are all xenogenic species - none of them share a common evolutionary history with humanity.

Take the Charisoco as an example. Most people just call them "mammals", but in fact that's wildly inaccurate. One of the prerequisites for properly being a mammal is to also be a Synapsid (distinguished from other amniotes by having a temporal fenestra, an opening low in the skull roof behind each eye, leaving a bony arch beneath each.)

Humans are Synapsids. Charisocos are not, and this indicates that they definitely do not belong to the order Mammalia, as we do, because mammals are synapsid by definition. Sure, they may be warm-blooded, furry, four-legged and give birth to live young, which is the layperson's definition for a mammal, but cladistically speaking, they're the product of a whole different tree of life.

That's the fairly simple macroscopic stuff, and it helps us identify the large bulk of species which DO share common heritage with us. There are other things like which body structures form first during gestation, percentage of shared DNA, relative composition of certain tissues, the apparent total absence of any anthropogenic species or their precursors within any known planetary fossil record, and so on.

It's all well documented in the journals I mentioned... and it's exactly what you'd expect to see if we didn't evolve here.

AKA Hambone

Author of The Deathworlders

Lyn Farel
Societas Imperialis Sceptri Coronaeque
Khimi Harar
#26 - 2015-03-08 09:50:30 UTC  |  Edited by: Lyn Farel
Ok, so you referred to taxonomic as well as phylogenetic classifications and studies.

I was just intrigued by the fact that you seemed to imply that our biochemistry is not native to any known planet in New Eden. It is true that a pattern of life forms relative to humans has now spread in most parts of New Eden, and it might indicate that they came from one single place - that is, without taking theories on parallel evolution.

What makes you think it does not come from a place in New Eden ?

Added to that you will often find that after so many years of evolution, on every planet that has been inhabited for as long as we know, what you call xenogenic and anthropogenic species do not present a clear cut difference anymore. In many planetary biomes actually, the difference does not exist at all and some might legitimately doubt that there was one to begin with. It is even harder to tell as a lot of those biomes have been since then exported to countless colonies and planets and start to adapt or conflict with native life as well.

I mean, I do not refute your theory, for that it is a solid one among many. I find it a bit... strange to take it for granted, as it is scientifically still to be definitely proven.
Stitcher
School of Applied Knowledge
Caldari State
#27 - 2015-03-08 12:19:09 UTC  |  Edited by: Stitcher
"definitely proven" is not something that ever happens in science. There is only "has survived everything we can throw at it".

And I'm sorry, but External Common Origin is the lone theory that HAS survived everything we can throw at it. There's no "taking for granted" here, any more than you presumably take it for granted that there are five digits on your hand.

Quote:
What makes you think it does not come from a place in New Eden ?


Because every temperate life-bearing world in New Eden has been, if not colonised, then at least surveyed, bar the ones in Jove space. The databases are fat and heavy with information on tens of billions of species, most of them gene-sequenced, all of them taxonomically sorted. A field botanist's kit is quite capable of performing those basic functions and uploading the results via fluid router, which means that the databases are pretty well constantly updating as new species are discovered.

One interesting correlation that's very apparent is that those few planets where the majority of life forms are anthropogenic are also the handful that were terraformed.

Caldari Prime is the most notable example, and yet even that has a few "native" xenogenic species, the most prominent being the Kresh trees. The working hypothesis that I subscribe to there is that they're a transgenic species designed to play a role in the terraforming process that were supposed to be killed off and didn't. It certainly explains how toxic they are to those humans who aren't adapted to them.

Short version: we couldn't have come from a planet we terraformed, and everything else is known to have xenogenic native ecosystems. How do we know? Because we've gone there and looked.

Now, that could just mean that our origin is somewhere in W-space, or even that the ancestral homeworld of humanity was located in the New Eden system and became a cloud of hurtling interstellar asteroids when the Point Genesis Event happened. But we know for as close to a solid fact as science ever gets (p<0.001 if you want to get technical) that no charted temperate world is the ancestral homeworld of the human race.

And because the only worlds we've ever thus properly charted are in the New Eden cluster...

Quote:
after so many years of evolution, on every planet that has been inhabited for as long as we know, what you call xenogenic and anthropogenic species do not present a clear cut difference anymore. In many planetary biomes actually, the difference does not exist at all and some might legitimately doubt that there was one to begin with.


This bit, I'm afraid, is factually incorrect. It's not even a distinction between "two" sides of a divide, it's the distinction between every tree in a forest. Trees that are growing close together may get their upper branches intertwined, but you can still pick them apart and, with care, identify which tree each branch belongs to.

In this analogy, anthropogenic species would be like a large liana, or some other climbing plant that covers the whole forest and covers all the trees. Not a tree itself, always sharing space with the trees, but still very obviously distinct if you know what to look for. What you're suggesting here is that after a long enough time, that liana becomes indistinguishable from the tree it's growing on, which just isn't the case.

As for "theories on parallel evolution", well... have you ever heard of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

This is the nerve that carries impulses from the brain stem to the larynx, the vocal cords. In other words, in humans its end points are a whole ten centimeters apart, from the back of the neck to the front.

The nerve itself travels this negligible distance via our chest cavity, looping around the heart. It's about six times longer than it needs to be and takes a completely pointless detour.

Now, there's no good reason for this. It's just a fluke, a relic of the blind iterative nature of evolution. There's no inherent survival advantage nor disadvantage to having the nerve that controls your vocal cord lassoing around your aorta, that's just how we happened to grow up, and it's true for every synapsid in the cluster. It's not true of the Charisoco, nor the slaver hound.

"mold theory" parallel evolution hypotheses overlook the fact that our bodies are riddled with such little curiosities - quirks that had no good reason to come out the way they did. There's no good reason for us to be majority right-hand dominant. There's no good reason for our retinas to be configured in such a way that the nerves are in front of the light-sensitive cells they're attached to. There's no good reason why human embryos form the anus first - it could just as easily be the mouth. And yet all of those are constant not just to us, but to all anthropogenic species.

Far-fetched ideas about so-called "parallel evolution" simply can't explain the existence of little biological tics like those.

AKA Hambone

Author of The Deathworlders

Lyn Farel
Societas Imperialis Sceptri Coronaeque
Khimi Harar
#28 - 2015-03-08 15:34:28 UTC  |  Edited by: Lyn Farel
Stitcher wrote:
"definitely proven" is not something that ever happens in science. There is only "has survived everything we can throw at it".


You do not have to play on words, really... But I agree with that, indeed.


Stitcher wrote:

Because every temperate life-bearing world in New Eden has been, if not colonised, then at least surveyed, bar the ones in Jove space. The databases are fat and heavy with information on tens of billions of species, most of them gene-sequenced, all of them taxonomically sorted. A field botanist's kit is quite capable of performing those basic functions and uploading the results via fluid router, which means that the databases are pretty well constantly updating as new species are discovered.


Well, I am afraid that you are completely wrong on that, sir. Extensively surveying a world takes eons, and a lot are not even inhabited. The basic kit you speak of can only sort a DNA sequence. Do you think that you have to magically press a button to somehow gather all data, sort everything out, make studies and theories, tie the corresponding bits together, just for the whole biome of a planet... ? Just like that ?


Stitcher wrote:
One interesting correlation that's very apparent is that those few planets where the majority of life forms are anthropogenic are also the handful that were terraformed.

Caldari Prime is the most notable example, and yet even that has a few "native" xenogenic species, the most prominent being the Kresh trees. The working hypothesis that I subscribe to there is that they're a transgenic species designed to play a role in the terraforming process that were supposed to be killed off and didn't. It certainly explains how toxic they are to those humans who aren't adapted to them.

Short version: we couldn't have come from a planet we terraformed, and everything else is known to have xenogenic native ecosystems. How do we know? Because we've gone there and looked.


Firslty, one example does not make a generality. As a scientist yourself, I am surprised that you seem to subscribe to that sort of non sequitur...

Also, not being native to Caldari Prime evolution does not equate to coming from a cluster outside of New Eden...

Stitcher wrote:
Now, that could just mean that our origin is somewhere in W-space, or even that the ancestral homeworld of humanity was located in the New Eden system and became a cloud of hurtling interstellar asteroids when the Point Genesis Event happened. But we know for as close to a solid fact as science ever gets (p<0.001 if you want to get technical) that no charted temperate world is the ancestral homeworld of the human race.

And because the only worlds we've ever thus properly charted are in the New Eden cluster...


You keep telling that without showing any evidence... ?
Lyn Farel
Societas Imperialis Sceptri Coronaeque
Khimi Harar
#29 - 2015-03-08 15:48:30 UTC
Stitcher wrote:
(p<0.001 if you want to get technical)


That is hardly technical, but I assume like I did above with 'definitely proven' this is a slip of the tongue ?

Stitcher wrote:

This bit, I'm afraid, is factually incorrect. It's not even a distinction between "two" sides of a divide, it's the distinction between every tree in a forest. Trees that are growing close together may get their upper branches intertwined, but you can still pick them apart and, with care, identify which tree each branch belongs to.

In this analogy, anthropogenic species would be like a large liana, or some other climbing plant that covers the whole forest and covers all the trees. Not a tree itself, always sharing space with the trees, but still very obviously distinct if you know what to look for. What you're suggesting here is that after a long enough time, that liana becomes indistinguishable from the tree it's growing on, which just isn't the case.


Well, I do not see why not ? You keep stating ideas as evidence and facts where they are not, sir. You are making things up, and that itself, is rather insulting to science and knowledge.

Stitcher wrote:
As for "theories on parallel evolution", well... have you ever heard of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

This is the nerve that carries impulses from the brain stem to the larynx, the vocal cords. In other words, in humans its end points are a whole ten centimeters apart, from the back of the neck to the front.

The nerve itself travels this negligible distance via our chest cavity, looping around the heart. It's about six times longer than it needs to be and takes a completely pointless detour.

Now, there's no good reason for this. It's just a fluke, a relic of the blind iterative nature of evolution. There's no inherent survival advantage nor disadvantage to having the nerve that controls your vocal cord lassoing around your aorta, that's just how we happened to grow up, and it's true for every synapsid in the cluster. It's not true of the Charisoco, nor the slaver hound.

"mold theory" parallel evolution hypotheses overlook the fact that our bodies are riddled with such little curiosities - quirks that had no good reason to come out the way they did. There's no good reason for us to be majority right-hand dominant. There's no good reason for our retinas to be configured in such a way that the nerves are in front of the light-sensitive cells they're attached to. There's no good reason why human embryos form the anus first - it could just as easily be the mouth. And yet all of those are constant not just to us, but to all anthropogenic species.

Far-fetched ideas about so-called "parallel evolution" simply can't explain the existence of little biological tics like those.


Well yes, it shows a difference between your Charisoco and slaver hound, and other species that probably do not come from the same ancestry. It hints at a difference of ancestry - and other similar hints would be needed to be anything close to conclusive on the matter - but does not prove anything else.

I am also afraid, sir, that you are mixing up everything when introducing societal evolution and human sciences (right hand dominance) with phylogenetics and taxonomy...

As for observable facts ( 'quirks' as you say) that apparently make no sense, and referring myself to your judicious remark about me being inaccurate in your opening statement, by saying that some 'quirks' do not make any sense does not make it true the slightest. It does not make any sense for you, or for our current science, but that does not mean that it does not make sense stricto sensu. After all, to take another example, it took us eons to understand what real use the mere human appendix has. People - like you - continued to tell around that it made no sense and that it was it, because they could not put into question the true extent of their limited knowledge to acknowledge the fact that they remained ignorant on some matters.

You are the only one here using such radical stances as "it is undeniable", "we know for solid fact", where there are truly none.
Lyn Farel
Societas Imperialis Sceptri Coronaeque
Khimi Harar
#30 - 2015-03-08 16:35:08 UTC
I just read again the whole subject and I feel that I must... add that I do not especially support one of the three main theories on the matter more than another one. Of course, I may have a harder time to believe in the Mold Theory, but Common Origin and Synchretism are both valid theories to my eyes.
Deacon Abox
Black Eagle5
#31 - 2015-03-09 14:05:35 UTC
Claudia Osyn wrote:
Valerie Valate wrote:
Claudia Osyn wrote:
I spontaneously created everything last Tuesday.


Well, you didn't do a good job of it now, did you ? What with that whole Nauplius and Diana Kim thing going on.

I think it added a bit of depth to my creation....

Down with this sort of thing.

CCP, there are off buttons for ship explosions, missile effects, turret effects, etc. "Immersion" does not seem to be harmed by those. So, [u]please[/u] give us a persisting off button for the jump gate and autoscan visuals.

Stitcher
School of Applied Knowledge
Caldari State
#32 - 2015-03-09 15:15:13 UTC  |  Edited by: Stitcher
forgive me Lyn, but I'm not about to copy-paste the yottabytes of genetic information that have been gathered from all over the cluster, the hundreds of terabytes of research papers cataloguing and examining that information, nor the millennia of documentary footage, research recordings and other tapes contextualising and explaining the research.

Those resources are freely available to access, and I've already linked to them. I'm under no obligation to duplicate their content here, even if it were technically feasible for me to do so.

When I say that there is no known planet in New Eden which could be the ancestral homeworld of humanity, I'm not saying that lightly. I'm saying it because that is known (p<0.001) to be the case.

The proof of that assertion may be found within the pages of the resources I linked earlier - the Zainou Journal of Life Sciences, the Caille University Journal of Bioscience, the Hedion Annual Scientific Summary, and the SOE's scientific journal, "LIFE".

AKA Hambone

Author of The Deathworlders

Lyn Farel
Societas Imperialis Sceptri Coronaeque
Khimi Harar
#33 - 2015-03-09 19:53:19 UTC  |  Edited by: Lyn Farel
Forgive me but that is not proof you are talking about, but just theory. That theory is the Theory of Common Origin... I agree with you that it is a solid one and offers good arguments as to why.

However, there are other theories, like Synchretism, that are no less solid and offer very different outcomes, although based on the same facts (of which the extra galactic origin is not part of). And yes, I am no fan of the Mold Theory myself as I find it a bit too far stretched and offering very little facts to back it up (although offering very little flaws as well, which is very convenient...).

I have read papers, scientific articles, and journals. But I happen to have also read a lot of the Synchretist ones...

I am just saying that you uh... seem to jump to conclusions.

Maybe we are also misunderstanding each other, and please accept my apologies if that is the case...
Stitcher
School of Applied Knowledge
Caldari State
#34 - 2015-03-10 11:45:23 UTC
Syncretism is not well-founded. At all.

It's the favourite supposition of people who are at least capable of seeing Mold "theory" for the egregious stupidity that it is, but who really haven't got a solid grasp on the genetic evidence and what it implies.

AKA Hambone

Author of The Deathworlders

Sarasvazhi
Doomheim
#35 - 2015-03-10 16:19:43 UTC
There is more of a debate than I realized could have been supported by the facts as I understand them. I am missing some detail. In order for it to not be known that we are not native to a known world, there would have to be a known world on which we at least appear to be native.

Is there such a world?

I realize that there may be an "unknown" world on this side of the EVE Gate to which we are native.

Is the probability of discovering such a world like rolling dice (each roll is independent); or, is the probability of discovering a previously unknown world to which we are native affected by the fact that within so many light years of all known positions of our species, we have found no world to which it is native?
Thea Isotalo
Doomheim
#36 - 2015-03-10 17:05:07 UTC
Ok, I'm not a geneticist.

But my "parents" were.

So I was chatting with one of the doctors that designed my genetic profile and I mentioned to her this subject and asked if she thought we had a common ancestry or not. I mean, if you were born and raised on Athra, you can't deal with the colder, thinner atmosphere of Caldari Prime too well. So we might be different despite some common genes. How do you prove it? Like Sttcher said, there aren't many scientific absolutes.

She said, "The easy answer? You know we're the same species, because we can procreate without assistance."

Where is "home?" We don't know. And until we find a world that has a sign on it that says "Welcome to Earth: The Birthplace of Humanity," we may never know. Not for sure.

I don't worry about abstracts like this too much. We're all the same. Period. Even the Jove. Given their looks, probably even the Drifters are human...after a fashion.

But we have found plenty of life that doesn't jibe with our genetic make-up. Stitcher's Charisocos, for instance. Eventually, as we explore, we're going to meet a truly alien, intelligent species. And that's the stuff that gives me nightmares.

Lyn Farel
Societas Imperialis Sceptri Coronaeque
Khimi Harar
#37 - 2015-03-10 20:58:15 UTC  |  Edited by: Lyn Farel
Stitcher wrote:
Syncretism is not well-founded. At all.

It's the favourite supposition of people who are at least capable of seeing Mold "theory" for the egregious stupidity that it is, but who really haven't got a solid grasp on the genetic evidence and what it implies.


Whatever you say...
Alexi Komanov
The Kronos Ritual
#38 - 2015-03-11 00:18:07 UTC  |  Edited by: Alexi Komanov
Thea Isotalo wrote:
Eventually, as we explore, we're going to meet a truly alien, intelligent species. And that's the stuff that gives me nightmares.



I wouldn't be too sure about that. Despite our immense progress in colonizing New Eden we have barely dipped our toes into the great sea that is the universe. Unlike some, I have no doubt that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. However, even with our current level of technology, the odds of us ever encountering such life are infinitesimal.

Warp drive and stargates can only take us so far, a gateship traveling to another galaxy would take millions of years to reach it and we don't even know the limitations of that technology in terms of linking distances. Furthermore, the enormous energy use of human civilization would be immediately noticeable to an intelligence observing New Eden even from a distance of thousands of parsecs (allowing for the speed of light of course). Why then have they not tried to initiate contact?

Any non-human intelligence is most likely too far away to ever have a hope of interacting with us. That or they have not yet reached the level of technological development that would make interstellar travel feasible. As for the Drifters, we don't even know if they are human. For all we know they are simply machines wearing a human face.
Elmund Egivand
Tribal Liberation Force
Minmatar Republic
#39 - 2015-03-11 01:24:17 UTC
Alexi Komanov wrote:
Thea Isotalo wrote:
Eventually, as we explore, we're going to meet a truly alien, intelligent species. And that's the stuff that gives me nightmares.



I wouldn't be too sure about that. Despite our immense progress in colonizing New Eden we have barely dipped our toes into the great sea that is the universe. Unlike some, I have no doubt that intelligent life exists elsewhere in the universe. However, even with our current level of technology, the odds of us ever encountering such life are infinitesimal.

Warp drive and stargates can only take us so far, a gateship traveling to another galaxy would take millions of years to reach it and we don't even know the limitations of that technology in terms of linking distances. Furthermore, the enormous energy use of human civilization would be immediately noticeable to an intelligence observing New Eden even from a distance of thousands of parsecs (allowing for the speed of light of course). Why then have they not tried to initiate contact?

Any non-human intelligence is most likely too far away to ever have a hope of interacting with us. That or they have not yet reached the level of technological development that would make interstellar travel feasible. As for the Drifters, we don't even know if they are human. For all we know they are simply machines wearing a human face.


We still aren't done exploring this galaxy and already there's thoughts of going to another?

As for the Drifters, they are human the same way the Jovians are human: just barely. They had, far as we see it, genetically engineered themselves to an extent beyond the dreams of Sansha's Nation, and they just went and augment themselves further with cybernetics to an extent beyond the, again, dreams of Sansha's Nation.

A Minmatar warship is like a rusting Beetle with 500 horsepower Cardillac engines in the rear, armour plating bolted to chassis and a M2 Browning stuck on top.

Jennifer Starfall
Societas Imperialis Sceptri Coronaeque
Khimi Harar
#40 - 2015-03-11 13:10:09 UTC  |  Edited by: Jennifer Starfall
Elmund Egivand wrote:
As for the Drifters, they are human the same way the Jovians are human: just barely. They had, far as we see it, genetically engineered themselves to an extent beyond the dreams of Sansha's Nation, and they just went and augment themselves further with cybernetics to an extent beyond the, again, dreams of Sansha's Nation.


That's a very big assumption, Mr. Egivand. There is no concrete evidence to suggest that the Drifters are even vaguely human. The natural world has several examples of living things that disguise or masquerade as other animals. Who says the Drifters aren't doing the same?

Humans are observable. We've been making our presence known to the wider universe for millennia.

It's dangerous to assign humanity to something that is not, as you you will then expect them to behave as such. And such flawed assumptions can prove fatal.

Jennifer Starfall

Fifth Seyllin Conference

Previous page12